Brain inflammation a hallmark of autism: study

While many combinations of genetic traits can cause autism, the disorder is related to inflammation in the brain, according to a new study that may pave the way for new treatments.
An analysis of data from autopsied human brains shows that brains affected by autism share a pattern of ramped-up immune responses.
"There are many different ways of getting autism, but we found that they all have the same downstream effect," said Dan Arking, from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
"What we don't know is whether this immune response is making things better in the short term and worse in the long term," Arking said.

The causes of autism, also known as autistic spectrum disorder, remain largely unknown and are a frequent research topic for geneticists and neuroscientists.
But Arking noticed that studies of whether and how much genes were being used - known as gene expression - involved too little data to draw many useful conclusions about autism.

Unlike a genetic test, which can be done using nearly any cells in the body, gene-expression testing has to be performed on the specific tissue of interest - in this case, brains that could be obtained only through autopsies.
To combat this problem, Arking and colleagues analysed gene expression in samples from two different tissue banks, comparing gene expression in people with autism to that in controls without the condition.

They analysed data from 104 brain samples from 72 individuals - the largest data set so far for a study of gene expression in autism.
The research team was able to narrow in on a specific type of support cell known as a microglial cell, which polices the brain for pathogens and other threats.
In the autism brains, the microglia appeared to be perpetually activated - and the genes for inflammation responses turned on.
"This type of inflammation is not understood well, but it highlights the lack of current understanding about how innate immunity controls neural circuits," said Andrew West, an associate professor in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Neurology and co-author of the study.

"Given the known genetic contributors to autism, inflammation is unlikely to be its root cause. Rather, this is a downstream consequence of upstream gene mutation," Arking said.
The next step, he said, would be to find out whether treating the inflammation could ameliorate symptoms of autism.
The study was published in the journal Nature Communications.