Dressed overwhelmingly in the green and yellow national colors, thousands of demonstrators filled a beachside avenue in Rio's posh Copacabana, while several thousand gathered outside Congress in the capital Brasilia.
Another protest was due in the country's financial powerhouse Sao Paulo, as well as in scores of smaller cities, according to organizers.
The peaceful crowds expressed support for Operation Car Wash, a probe that has uncovered mass embezzlement by politicians and top executives at state oil company Petrobras and other businesses.
Demonstrators were furious at a vote earlier this week by the lower house of Congress -- where many deputies are themselves suspects in criminal probes -- to weaken a long-planned anti-corruption bill and to intimidate judges and prosecutors.
The vote, which took place while most Brazilians slept during the early hours of Wednesday, prompted prosecutors from the Car Wash case to threaten resignation.
In Rio, protesters lauded Sergio Moro, the judge heading Car Wash cases, chanting: "Moro, fighter for the Brazilian people."
Car Wash revelations have already brought down major political and business figures, the economy is in its worst recession for decades, and in August the leftist president Dilma Rousseff was impeached and replaced by center right veteran Michel Temer, triggering nationwide tensions.
The protesters' main villain today was the powerful Senate speaker, Renan Calheiros, who this week attempted to hold a lightening quick vote to confirm the lower house's controversial corruption bill, but had to retreat.
Calheiros also faced a ruling this week by the Supreme Court that he must stand trial on multiple corruption charges.
In Rio, comedian Marcelo Madureira told the crowd from a sound truck that the street pressure which helped push out the unpopular Rousseff would now bring more change to Brazil.
"Every time we've taken to the streets we've won," he said. "And what is the scalp we want most now? We want the head of Renan Calheiros.
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