The 46-year-old Nadella said in his new role he would work on reinvention and innovation in the company in the new technology environment instead of harping about Microsoft's past successes.
Hyderabad-born Nadella succeeded Steve Ballmer as only the third CEO in Microsoft's 39-year history earlier this month.
"Longevity in this business is about being able to reinvent yourself or invent the future. In our case, given 39 years of success, it's more about reinvention. We've had great successes, but our future is not about our past success. It's going to be about whether we will invent things that are really going to drive our future," he told the New York Times.
"You have to be able to sense those early indicators of success, and the leadership has to really lean in and not let things die on the vine," he added.
Nadella said he wants Microsoft to grow into a company where people find meaning at work.
"One of the things that I'm fascinated about generally is the rise and fall of everything, from civilisations to families to companies. We all know the mortality of companies is less than humans. There are very few examples of even 100-year-old companies. For us to be a 100-year-old company where people find deep meaning at work, that's the quest," he added.
Gates, previously Chairman of the Board of Directors, assumed a new role on the Board as Founder and Technology Advisor to devote more time to the company.
Describing leadership lessons he learned from Gates, Nadella described the software tycoon as the "most analytically rigorous person".
He said Gates is always very well prepared and could point to a "logical flaw" in his presentation within seconds despite his best efforts to be thorough.
He said initially he used to be intimidated by Gates.
