Uttar Pradesh, which endured independent India’s biggest migrant crisis in the first half of 2020, when an estimated four million workers returned to the state following Covid-19 lockdown, is witnessing the build-up of a similar phenomenon with the second wave of the pandemic sweeping across major industrialised states, including Maharashtra, Punjab, and Delhi.
Even as the migrant labourers from UP, Bihar, and other northern states working in Maharashtra have started returning, albeit in smaller numbers yet, fearing a stricter lockdown and loss of livelihood in the coming weeks, the reverse migration of workers, who had returned to work in the later

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