The fifth edition of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) offers clues to the future direction of policy-making that, if read correctly, could help India maximise a shortening window of demographic opportunity that is open to it. The headline finding — that for the first time the proportion of women exceeded men at 1,020 against 1,000 —is heartening, not least because it reverses and improves on previous trends. In the 2005-06 NFHS, the ratio had been at parity before declining sharply to 991:1,000 in the 2015-16 NFHS, a period that saw India grow more prosperous. The marginal improvement in the