Charlie Hebdo changed the way the French say 'liberte, egalite, fraternite'

Memorialisation has always played a key role in modern cultural memory, and this is particularly clear in Paris

It has been three years since gunmen attacked the offices of French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, killing 12 people. In the days that followed, five more lost their lives while police hunted for the perpetrators – brothers Cherif and Said Kouachi. Eventually, they were shot dead after an eight-hour standoff involving hostages.

In the aftermath of these events, time stood still. Christmas decorations eerily remained well into February in streets and stores, as civilians and leaders from across the globe gathered in Paris to mourn the victims and condemn terrorism. Online, the