Democracy at work: How various national parties elect their leaders

While the leaders of bigger national parties like BJP and INC have limitation to their powers, smaller parties tend to give wholesome control to their leaders

Among the seven national parties recognised by the Election Commission of India (ECI), the common theme in their election of their leader is that it is indirect. In the context of the upcoming elections to the post of president of the Indian National Congress (INC), where Mallikargun Kharge and Shashi Tharoor are in the fray, it is instructive to examine how each party goes about this crucial business of electing their national leader. 

The constitutions submitted by them with the ECI shows that not all the members line up to vote and elect their national leader. Instead each of these