Roman gladiators ate a mostly vegetarian diet and drank ashes as a healing tonic following training sessions, a new study has found.
The researchers carried out anthropological investigations on bones of warriors found during excavations in the ancient city of Ephesos.
According to historic sources, gladiators had their own diet. This comprised beans and grains. Contemporary reports referred to them as "hordearii" ("barley eaters"), researchers said.
In the study by the MedUni Vienna in cooperation with the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Bern in Switzerland, bones were examined from a gladiator cemetery uncovered in 1993 which dates back to the 2nd or 3rd century BC in the then Roman city of Ephesos, modern-day Turkey.
At the time, Ephesos was the capital of the Roman province of Asia and had over 200,000 inhabitants.
Using spectroscopy, stable isotope ratios (carbon, nitrogen and sulphur) were investigated in the collagen of the bones, along with the ratio of strontium to calcium in the bone mineral.
The result shows that gladiators mostly ate a vegetarian diet. There is virtually no difference in terms of nutrition from the local "normal population."
Meals consisted primarily of grain and meat-free meals. The word "barley eater" relates in this case to the fact that gladiators were probably given grain of an inferior quality, said researchers.
The difference between gladiators and the normal population is highly significant in terms of the amount of strontium measured in their bones.
This leads to the conclusion that the gladiators had a higher intake of minerals from a strontium-rich source of calcium.
The ash drink quoted in literature probably really did exist, researchers said.
"Plant ashes were evidently consumed to fortify the body after physical exertion and to promote better bone healing," said study leader Fabian Kanz from the Department of Forensic Medicine at the MedUni Vienna.
"Things were similar then to what we do today - we take magnesium and calcium (in the form of effervescent tablets, for example) following physical exertion," said Kanz.
Calcium is essential for bone building and usually occurs primarily in milk products.
