Economic Reforms 1991

There is a pronounced tendency to centralise now… Centralisation will not take the country forward, either socially or economically, he said

Nitin Desai says India's reform ideas predated 1991, but the bigger challenge now is boosting manufacturing and new businesses to create jobs and move workers out of agriculture

Governments both at the Centre and in states have occasionally been voted out for their inability to sell the reforms to the electorate

Shankar Acharya says that structural constraints need to be addressed for India to become an advanced economy by 2047

C Rangarajan says reforms are a continuous process and we need new measures to tackle new challenges

Today's opinions examine P Chidambaram's critique of the Modi government's economic record, the CJP's political dilemma, Imran Khan's global support and the changing advertising landscape

P Chidambaram recalls how Rao and Manmohan Singh shaped the 1991 reforms and argues India now needs greater competition, openness and a revived WTO

Rakesh Mohan talks about the trajectory of India's economic development, why the reforms could be pulled off as quickly as they were, and what India can do now to boost manufacturing

By 2025-26 the primary sector's share had roughly halved to about 18%, the tertiary sector had surged to some 56% and industry sat almost exactly where it began, at around 25%

India's IT industry was built not just on Y2K, but on the 1991 reforms that opened capital, technology, telecom and global markets, creating a powerful engine of exports and foreign exchange

N K Singh recalls the circumstances under which India liberalised its economy. He discusses how India can negotiate a highly uncertain world now, while retaining its growth momentum

India's development ambitions will depend not on promises alone, but on sustained reforms, better-designed welfare, inclusive products, capable leadership and accountability

Adds economy became top of agenda only circa 2000

India's pharma industry must pivot from global leadership in generics to innovation, backed by stronger policy, R&D funding and regulatory reforms, says Satish Reddy

How the continuing reforms in the MF space have created an over ₹82 trillion powerhouse

Jairam Ramesh says the 1991 reforms transformed India's economy, but reviving private investment is now the country's biggest economic policy challenge

The dropout rate of companies in index surged in post-liberalisation economy, even as Indian equities joined the global asset pool, with the entry of foreign institutional investors in the late 1990s

The reforms of 1991 not only enhanced car buyers' choices but also helped put Indian manufacturing on the global map

From generics to global leadership, India's pharmaceutical industry has transformed since 1991. Its next challenge is becoming a global hub for breakthrough drug innovation

Thirty-five years after the 1991 crisis, India's external sector is far stronger. But have larger reserves, stronger exports, and reforms eliminated the risk of another balance-of-payments crisis?