Economic Reforms 1991

How Indian economy has transformed since the landmark 1991 reforms

By 2025-26 the primary sector's share had roughly halved to about 18%, the tertiary sector had surged to some 56% and industry sat almost exactly where it began, at around 25%

35 years of liberalisation: How IT sector became India's dollar engine

India's IT industry was built not just on Y2K, but on the 1991 reforms that opened capital, technology, telecom and global markets, creating a powerful engine of exports and foreign exchange

We ducked more basic reforms because of success of 1991 talks: N K Singh

N K Singh recalls the circumstances under which India liberalised its economy. He discusses how India can negotiate a highly uncertain world now, while retaining its growth momentum

Datanomics: West Asia conflict and India's petroleum trade diversification

India's development ambitions will depend not on promises alone, but on sustained reforms, better-designed welfare, inclusive products, capable leadership and accountability

1991 reforms were born of compulsion, not choice: FM Nirmala Sitharaman

Adds economy became top of agenda only circa 2000

'India began drug discovery before China, but China has moved years ahead'

India's pharma industry must pivot from global leadership in generics to innovation, backed by stronger policy, R&D funding and regulatory reforms, says Satish Reddy

Reforms@35: From UTI monopoly and assured returns to SIP investment boom

How the continuing reforms in the MF space have created an over ₹82 trillion powerhouse

1991 marked a paradigm shift in industrial, trade policy: Jairam Ramesh

Jairam Ramesh says the 1991 reforms transformed India's economy, but reviving private investment is now the country's biggest economic policy challenge

Big Shift after 1991: Only 7 of 30 Sensex companies still remain in index

The dropout rate of companies in index surged in post-liberalisation economy, even as Indian equities joined the global asset pool, with the entry of foreign institutional investors in the late 1990s

How reforms revved up India's auto industry over the past 35 years

The reforms of 1991 not only enhanced car buyers' choices but also helped put Indian manufacturing on the global map

The reform booster shot that transformed India into pharmacy of the world

From generics to global leadership, India's pharmaceutical industry has transformed since 1991. Its next challenge is becoming a global hub for breakthrough drug innovation

From scarce dollars to global buffers: Can India avoid 1991-like crisis?

Thirty-five years after the 1991 crisis, India's external sector is far stronger. But have larger reserves, stronger exports, and reforms eliminated the risk of another balance-of-payments crisis?

1991 Budget speech was Freedom Day for us; whole world was open: Mittal

Sunil Bharti Mittal says the 1991 reforms transformed India's business landscape, paving the way for Airtel, and calls for continued reforms to sustain growth

1991 reforms trusted mkts; now RBI should trust exporters and importers

The government responded to a grave foreign exchange crisis by progressively liberalising, rather than perpetuating restrictions on access to foreign exchange and imports

Half a lifetime after the 1991 reforms: Lotuses bloom in muddy waters

Thirty-five years after the 1991 reforms, India has grown dramatically but unfinished reforms, weak public services and job creation remain major challenges T N Ninan

Best of BS Opinion: Reviving 1991 reform spirit vital for India's growth

Today's Best of BS Opinion examines lessons from the 1991 reforms, safeguards for offline UPI, enterprise digital infrastructure, state capacity and the costs of children growing up online

Delaying reforms will hurt future of our youth: Montek Singh Ahluwalia

Montek Singh Ahluwalia says India needs a fresh reform roadmap, faster private investment and broader policy consensus to achieve the Viksit Bharat goal

A big push in economics: Special times call for special initiatives

The last time the domestic private sector achieved a one-year gain of net fixed assets above 20 per cent in nominal terms was 2009-10

Best of BS Opinion: India must push ahead on reforms agenda

Today's BS Opinion examines India's regulatory hurdles, the NEET-UG crisis, rising fiscal stress from welfare promises, corporate governance failures, and China under Xi Jinping

Best of BS Opinion: India must learn from China, support new entrants

Today's Best of BS Opinion looks at India's evolving trade strategy, rising tensions with Bangladesh, lessons from China's manufacturing boom, food loss challenges, and the impact of digital platforms