Ancient genome shows complex cow ancestry

Some modern domestic cow breeds, including the Scottish Highland and Irish Kerry, had wild ancestors that were British, as well as Asian, according to the first nuclear genome sequence from an ancient wild ox. The ancestry of domesticated cattle proves more complex than previously thought, researchers said. The aurochs, Bos primigenius, is an extinct wild ox species that ranged across the grasslands of Eurasia and North Africa 11,000 years ago. Domestication of aurochs gave rise to two major groups of cattle; Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Previous studies have shown that European B taurus are descended from western Asian populations of aurochs. However, little was known about the relationship between domesticated cattle and wild aurochs in Europe, and how wild populations contributed to the evolutionary history of the cows that graze our fields today, researchers said. To build a clearer picture of the ancestry of European cattle breeds, scientists from University College Dublin extracted genetic material from a bone of a 6,750 year old wild British aurochs discovered in a cave in Derbyshire, England. They then sequenced its complete genome - its genetic blueprint - and compared it with the genomes of 81 domesticated B taurus and B indicus animals, and DNA marker information from more than 1,200 modern cows. Researchers discovered clear evidence of breeding between wild British aurochs and early domesticated cattle. "Our results show the ancestors of modern British and Irish breeds share more genetic similarities with this ancient specimen than other European cattle," said David MacHugh, senior author on the study from the School of Agriculture and Food Science at University College Dublin. "This suggests that early British farmers may have restocked their domesticated herds with wild aurochs," said MacHugh. Genes linked to neurobiology and muscle development were also found to be associated with domestication of the ancestors of European cattle, indicating that a key part of the domestication process was the selection of cattle based on behavioural and meat traits. "This is the first complete nuclear genome sequence from the extinct Eurasian aurochs," MacHugh added. "Our new study contradicts earlier simple models of cattle domestication and evolution that we and others proposed based on mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosomes," he said. The study was published in the journal Genome Biology.