Men who have kids at older ages are more likely to have grandchildren with autism, new research has warned.
The study led by King's College London's Institute of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet in Sweden and the Queensland Brain Institute in Australia is the first time to show that risk factors for autism may accumulate over generations.
By using Swedish national registers, researchers identified 5,936 individuals with autism and 30,923 healthy controls born in Sweden since 1932.
They had complete data on each individual's maternal and paternal grandfathers' age of reproduction and details of any psychiatric diagnosis.
The study found that the risk of autism in the grandchild increased the older the age of the grandfather at the time his son or daughter was born.
Men who had a daughter when they were 50 or older were 1.79 times more likely to have a grandchild with autism. Men who had a son when they were 50 or older were 1.67 times more likely to have a grandchild with autism, compared to men who had children when they were 20-24.
"We tend to think in terms of the here and now when we talk about the effect of the environment on our genome. For the first time in psychiatry, we show that your father's and grandfather's lifestyle choices can affect you," Dr Avi Reichenberg, from King's Institute of Psychiatry and co-author of the paper said.
"This doesn't mean that you shouldn't have children if your father was old when he had you, because whilst the risk is increased, it is still small. However, the findings are important in understanding the complex way in which autism develops," Reichenberg said.
"We know from previous studies that older paternal age is a risk factor for autism. This study goes beyond that and suggests that older grandpaternal age is also a risk factor for autism, suggesting that risk factors for autism can build up through generations," Emma Frans, lead author of the study from Karolinska Institutet said.
Autism is known to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies have shown that older paternal age is a risk factor for autism in children: fathers aged 50 or older have a more than doubled risk to have a child diagnosed with autism compared to younger fathers.
The authors of the study published in JAMA Psychiatry suggested that genetic risk could accumulate over generations, or could interact with other risk factors, until it reaches a threshold resulting in the disorder manifesting itself.
